> Line Sweeping
> System performance issues are seen in two ways: excessive reflections (more common) caused by impedance mismatches or excessive insertion losses (less common) caused by energy dissipated in the connectors or cables.
> The two measurements used to determine communication system performance are:

> • | Return Loss or Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) for reflections and

> • | Cable Loss (Insertion Loss) for insertion losses.

> It is important to remember that Return Loss and VSWR are typically Pass/Fail tests. They both measure reflection but display the results in different ways. For either measurement, set a limit line to the specification determined by the carrier and make the measurement. If the ENTIRE frequency range swept is below the line the test passes. If ANY part of the sweep is at or above the limit line the test fails.
> With a failed test, one or more components is at fault. Distance to Fault mode is used to find the problem Figure: Failed Return Loss Measurement shows a failed Return Loss measurement with the pass/fail limit line and Figure: Distance to Fault Measurement Shows the Failing Components is a Distance to Fault measurement of the same system.

> Failed Return Loss Measurement

> Distance to Fault Measurement Shows the Failing Components
> 1 | Failure at Jumper (1.22 m)
> 2 | Possible Failure at 8.31 m
> 3 | Example of Good Connector (~30 dB)
> 4 | Precision Load Connected at End of Cable (24.65 m)

> The second common Line Sweeping measurement is Cable Loss ( Figure: Cable Loss Measurement). This is a measure of how much smaller the output power of a signal is compared to the input power. The loss comes from heat and leakage. Cable manufacturers will specify the loss per foot or meter at different frequencies and may call it attenuation. The Site Master has loss specifications for several cable types.
> The Cable Loss measurement is also typically a Pass/Fail measurement and requires a short or open at the cable end. This is a typical measurement specified on new installations or main transmission line replacement but is not typically tested on existing systems.

> Note | Cable Loss cannot be measured with an antenna connected.

> Cable Loss Measurement
> 1 | Average Cable Loss